The following sections define terms related to ArcGIS Data Store. Since ArcGIS Data Store is part of an ArcGIS Enterprise deployment, additional terms are included here to clarify data stores in the overall context of ArcGIS Enterprise.
ArcGIS Data Store
ArcGIS Data Store is the software component that allows you to configure data stores for your portal's hosted feature layers, hosted scene layers, and spatiotemporal feature layers.
Note that data store is a general term for any location where data is stored. ArcGIS Data Store allows you to configure a subset of data store types. The data stores you configure with ArcGIS Data Store are always used as part of an ArcGIS Enterprise deployment, are managed by ArcGIS, and are registered with your portal's hosting server.
ArcGIS Data Store account
On Microsoft Windows machines, the ArcGIS Data Store account is the login under which your ArcGIS Data Store service runs. You specify this account when you install ArcGIS Data Store.
On Linux machines, the ArcGIS Data Store account is the account you used to log in to the machine when you installed ArcGIS Data Store.
See ArcGIS Data Store account for more information.
ArcGIS Data Store configuration store
The ArcGIS Data Store configuration store maintains information about the ArcGIS GIS Server site to which it is registered, the other machines in the data store, and properties of the data store.
Each type of ArcGIS Data Store has its own configuration store in which it maintains the information specific to it. For example, if your ArcGIS Enterprise deployment has a relational data store, a tile cache data store, and a spatiotemporal big data store, your deployment has three ArcGIS Data Store configuration stores.
ArcGIS Data Store directory
This is a directory you specify to store the files ArcGIS Data Store needs to run. This directory must be local to the ArcGIS Data Store installation.
This directory initially stores backup files for relational data stores, but once you've created a relational data store, you should configure it to create backup files in a shared network location instead.
ArcGIS Enterprise
ArcGIS Enterprise is the product line that allows you to create a Web GIS. It includes ArcGIS Server, Portal for ArcGIS, ArcGIS Data Store, and ArcGIS Web Adaptor.
See What is ArcGIS Enterprise? in the Portal for ArcGIS Administrator Guide for more information.
ArcGIS GeoAnalytics Server
ArcGIS Server sites are licensed to fill specific roles. An ArcGIS GeoAnalytics Server is a federated server that allows you to perform big data analytics using distributed computing.
In the context of ArcGIS Data Store, you need a spatiotemporal big data store for the data output from GeoAnalytics Tools used in Map Viewer or ArcGIS Pro. These tools are available in your portal's Map Viewer if you have a federated ArcGIS GeoAnalytics Server.
See What is ArcGIS GeoAnalytics Server? for more information.
ArcGIS GeoEvent Server
ArcGIS Server sites are licensed to fill specific roles. An ArcGIS GeoEvent Server is a stand-alone or federated server site that allows you to stream real-time data.
In the context of ArcGIS Data Store, a federated ArcGIS GeoEvent Server can archive data from stream services into a feature layer that runs on the portal's hosting server. The archived data is stored in a spatiotemporal big data store. Note that the feature layer is not a hosted feature layer; when you delete the feature layer from the portal, the feature service is not deleted, and neither is the data stored in the spatiotemporal big data store.
See Managing spatiotemporal big data stores in the GeoEvent Server help for more information on archiving data.
ArcGIS GIS Server
(Also called GIS Server.)
ArcGIS Server sites are licensed to fill specific roles. An ArcGIS GIS Server allows you to serve such GIS resources as map services, feature services, geoprocessing services (tools), geocoding services (locators), geodata services, and scene services.
A portal's hosting server must be licensed as an ArcGIS GIS Server site to publish the types of services that hosted web layers require.
ArcGIS Image Server
ArcGIS Server sites are licensed to fill specific roles. An ArcGIS Image Server is a stand-alone or federated server site that allows you to serve cached or dynamic image services.
In the context of ArcGIS Data Store, the ArcGIS Enterprise deployment with which you are using ArcGIS Data Store must have a federated ArcGIS Image Server if you want to publish hosted image layers to the portal.
data store
In the context of ArcGIS, a data store is any location you keep the data used by ArcGIS.
In the specific context of ArcGIS Server, data stores are the file, database, geodatabase, or cloud storage locations you register with an ArcGIS Server site. Registering these locations with the ArcGIS Server site ensures the services you publish can access the data.
User-maintained data stores registered with ArcGIS Server point to your data source; the data is maintained in that data store and is not copied anywhere else. When a service is published to the ArcGIS Server site, the data that populates the service comes from this registered source data.
Data stores implemented through ArcGIS Data Store are also registered with ArcGIS Server, but they are maintained by ArcGIS. When you publish certain hosted web layers, ArcGIS copies data into one of these data stores.
Note that web layers in an ArcGIS Enterprise portal are services that run on an ArcGIS Server site. If the data is copied to the data store when the service is published, the resultant web layer in the portal is a hosted web layer. For more information, see Services and portal items in the Portal for ArcGIS user help.
GIS Server
See ArcGIS GIS Server.
federated server
A federated server is an ArcGIS Server site you have integrated into your portal. Federated servers share authentication with the portal and allow you to automatically create items in the portal for the services you publish to the federated server.
See About using your portal with ArcGIS Server for more information.
GeoAnalytics Tools
GeoAnalytics Tools are used to perform feature analysis on large amounts of data using distributed computing. You can use GeoAnalytics Tools to find patterns and aggregate data in the context of both space and time.
The GeoAnalytics Tools present in Map Viewer run as geoprocessing services on the GeoAnalytics Server that is federated with the portal. GeoAnalytics Tools are also available as geoprocessing tools in ArcGIS Pro.
See Standard and GeoAnalytics Tools feature analysis comparison and Use GeoAnalytics Tools in Map Viewer in the Portal for ArcGIS user help for more information.
hosted web layers
Hosted web layers are items in your portal that have corresponding services running on the portal's hosting server.*
*The one exception to this is hosted image layers; they run on a federated ArcGIS Image Server rather than your hosting server.
Tip:
When the owner of the layer or the portal administrator opens the item's page in the portal, (hosted) is included in the layer type label on the Overview tab. When viewed in ArcGIS Pro, hosted layers are labeled as such when you view them in the Catalog pane or window.
The data that populates the services and, therefore, the hosted web layers are copied to ArcGIS Data Store when you publish. Hosted web layers require you to create a specific type of data store to hold this data. See the table in Create the portal and ArcGIS Server sites used with ArcGIS Data Store to determine which type of data store you need for each type of hosted web layer.*
*Hosted image layer data is copied to a registered file or cloud storage data store, not a data store created through ArcGIS Data Store.
When you delete a hosted web layer from your portal, the service is deleted from the ArcGIS Server site, and the data is deleted from the data store.
For more information on hosted web layers, see Services and portal items and Hosted web layers in the Portal for ArcGIS user help.
hosting server
A hosting server is the GIS Server site you federate with your portal and set as the server to host web layers published to the portal.
See About using your portal with ArcGIS Server for more information.
location tracking service
This is a feature service that records the location of mobile users. The data that populates the location tracking service is stored in the spatiotemporal big data store.
relational data store
A relational data store is the database that your portal's hosting server uses to store the data for hosted feature layers 
.
spatiotemporal big data store
A spatiotemporal big data store is a distributed, scalable storage structure with full-text search capabilities. It allows you to store data that includes both space and time components. See Apps and functionality that require ArcGIS Data Store.
tile cache data store
A tile cache data store is a set of databases that store caches for hosted scene layers. One database is created for each hosted scene layer in your portal.